G&g Cm16 Raider 2.0 6mm Aeg Airsoft Rifle in Black W/m-lok Handguard
G&g Cm16 Raider 2.0 6mm Aeg Airsoft Rifle in Black W/m-lok Handguard
| G | |
|---|---|
| G g | |
| (See below, Typographic) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing organization | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0047, U+0067, U+0261 |
| Alphabetical position | seven |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time period | ~-300 to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Transliteration equivalents | C |
| Variations | (See beneath, Typographic) |
| Other | |
| Other letters normally used with | gh, g(x) |
(speculated origin)
G, or g, is the seventh letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its proper noun in English language is gee (pronounced ), plural gees.[i]
History
The letter of the alphabet 'K' was introduced in the Former Latin menses as a variant of 'C' to distinguish voiced /ɡ/ from voiceless /m/.
The recorded originator of 'G' is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, who added alphabetic character Grand to the educational activity of the Roman alphabet during the 3rd century BC:[2] he was the get-go Roman to open up a fee-paying school, around 230 BCE. At this time, 'K' had fallen out of favor, and 'C', which had formerly represented both /ɡ/ and /k/ before open vowels, had come to express /yard/ in all environments.
Ruga's positioning of 'M' shows that alphabetic order related to the messages' values every bit Greek numerals was a business organisation even in the 3rd century BC. Co-ordinate to some records, the original seventh letter of the alphabet, 'Z', had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat before in the 3rd century BC by the Roman censor Appius Claudius, who establish information technology distasteful and foreign.[3] Sampson (1985) suggests that: "Manifestly the order of the alphabet was felt to be such a concrete matter that a new letter could exist added in the center only if a 'space' was created by the dropping of an old letter of the alphabet."[4]
George Hempl proposed in 1899 that there never was such a "space" in the alphabet and that in fact 'M' was a direct descendant of zeta. Zeta took shapes like ⊏ in some of the Sometime Italic scripts; the development of the awe-inspiring class 'G' from this shape would be exactly parallel to the evolution of 'C' from gamma. He suggests that the pronunciation /chiliad/ > /ɡ/ was due to contamination from the also similar-looking 'K'.[5]
Eventually, both velar consonants /thousand/ and /ɡ/ developed palatalized allophones before front vowels; consequently in today's Romance languages, ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ take different sound values depending on context (known as difficult and soft C and hard and soft G). Because of French influence, English language orthography shares this characteristic.
Typographic variants
The modernistic lowercase 'yard' has two typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes opentail) 'g' and the double-storey (sometimes looptail) 'g'. The single-storey form derives from the majuscule (capital) course past raising the serif that distinguishes it from 'c' to the top of the loop, thus closing the loop and extending the vertical stroke downward and to the left. The double-storey form (g) had developed similarly, except that some ornate forms then extended the tail back to the right, and to the left again, forming a closed basin or loop. The initial extension to the left was absorbed into the upper airtight bowl. The double-storey version became pop when press switched to "Roman type" because the tail was effectively shorter, making it possible to put more lines on a page. In the double-storey version, a modest top stroke in the upper-correct, ofttimes terminating in an orb shape, is called an "ear".
Generally, the two forms are complementary, simply occasionally the difference has been exploited to provide contrast. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, opentail ⟨ɡ⟩ has always represented a voiced velar plosive, while ⟨
⟩ was distinguished from ⟨ɡ⟩ and represented a voiced velar fricative from 1895 to 1900.[6] [7] In 1948, the Council of the International Phonetic Association recognized ⟨ɡ⟩ and ⟨⟩ as typographic equivalents,[viii] and this conclusion was reaffirmed in 1993.[ix] While the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Clan recommended the use of ⟨⟩ for a velar plosive and ⟨ɡ⟩ for an avant-garde one for languages where it is preferable to distinguish the ii, such as Russian,[x] this practice never defenseless on.[11] The 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, the successor to the Principles, abandoned the recommendation and acknowledged both shapes as acceptable variants.[12]
Wong et al. (2018) found that native English speakers have little conscious awareness of the looptail '1000' ().[13] [xiv] They write: "Despite being questioned repeatedly, and despite beingness informed directly that Chiliad has two lowercase print forms, nearly one-half of the participants failed to reveal whatever knowledge of the looptail 'g', and simply 1 of the 38 participants was able to write looptail 'g' correctly."
Pronunciation and utilize
| Language | Dialect(s) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | /x/ | |||
| Standard arabic | /ɡ/ | Latinization; respective to ⟨ق⟩ or ⟨ج⟩ in Arabic | ||
| Catalan | /(d)ʒ/ | Earlier e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Danish | /ɡ/ | Give-and-take-initially | ||
| /k/ | Usually | |||
| Dutch | Standard | /ɣ/ | ||
| Southern dialects | /ɣ̟/ | |||
| Northern dialects | /χ/ | |||
| English | /dʒ/ | Before due east, i, y (run across exceptions below) | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| /ʒ/ | Before e, i in "modern" loanwords from French | |||
| silent | Some words, initial <gn>, and word-finally before a consonant | |||
| Faeroese | /j/ | soft, lenited; encounter Faroese phonology | ||
| /k/ | hard | |||
| /tʃ/ | soft | |||
| /v/ | after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before u | |||
| /w/ | after ó, u, ú and before a, i, or u | |||
| silent | subsequently a, æ, á, e, o, ø and before a | |||
| French | /ɡ/ | Ordinarily | ||
| /ʒ/ | Before e, i, y | |||
| Galician | /ɡ/~/ħ/ | Unremarkably | Meet Gheada for consonant variation | |
| /ʃ/ | Before east, i | now rarely spelled equally such | ||
| Greek | /ɡ/ | Unremarkably | Latinization | |
| /ɟ/ | Before ai, e, i, oi, y | Latinization | ||
| Icelandic | /c/ | soft | ||
| /k/ | hard | |||
| /ɣ/ | hard, lenited; see Icelandic phonology | |||
| /j/ | soft, lenited | |||
| Irish | /ɡ/ | Unremarkably | ||
| /ɟ/ | Later on i or before due east, i | |||
| Italian | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /dʒ/ | Before e, i | |||
| Mandarin | Standard | /yard/ | Pinyin latinization | |
| Norman | /dʒ/ | Before e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Norwegian | /ɡ/ | Unremarkably | ||
| /j/ | Before ei, i, j, øy, y | |||
| Portuguese | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ʒ/ | Earlier e, i, y | |||
| Romanian | /dʒ/ | Before e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Romansh | /dʑ/ | Before due east, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | /chiliad/ | Usually | ||
| /kʲ/ | Afterwards i or before e, i | |||
| Spanish | /ɡ/ | Commonly | ||
| /x/ or /h/ | Before east, i, y | Variation betwixt velar and glottal realizations depends on dialect | ||
| Swedish | /ɡ/ | Unremarkably | ||
| /j/ | Earlier ä, e, i, ö, y | |||
| Turkish | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ɟ/ | Before east, i, ö, ü | |||
English
In English, the letter of the alphabet appears either alone or in some digraphs. Alone, it represents
- a voiced velar plosive (/ɡ/ or "hard" ⟨g⟩), every bit in goose, gargoyle, and game;
- a voiced palato-alveolar affricate (/d͡ʒ/ or "soft" ⟨g⟩), predominates earlier ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩, as in giant, ginger, and geology; or
- a voiced palato-alveolar sibilant (/ʒ/) in post-medieval loanwords from French, such every bit rouge, beige, genre (oftentimes), and margarine (rarely)
⟨chiliad⟩ is predominantly soft before ⟨eastward⟩ (including the digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩), ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩, and difficult otherwise. Information technology is hard in those derivations from γυνή (gynḗ) meaning woman where initial-worded equally such. Soft ⟨m⟩ is also used in many words that came into English from medieval church building/academic use, French, Castilian, Italian or Portuguese – these tend to, in other means in English language, closely align to their Ancient Latin and Greek roots (such every bit fragile, logic or magic). There remain widely used a few English words of non-Romance origin where ⟨g⟩ is hard followed by ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ (get, give, souvenir), and very few in which ⟨g⟩ is soft though followed by ⟨a⟩ such as gaol, which since the 20th century is nearly always written as "jail".
The double consonant ⟨gg⟩ has the value /ɡ/ (hard ⟨yard⟩) as in nugget, with very few exceptions: /ɡd͡ʒ/ in suggest and /d͡ʒ/ in exaggerate and veggies.
The digraph ⟨dg⟩ has the value /d͡ʒ/ (soft ⟨1000⟩), as in badger. Non-digraph ⟨dg⟩ tin can as well occur, in compounds like floodgate and headgear.
The digraph ⟨ng⟩ may represent:
- a velar nasal () as in length, singer
- the latter followed past hard ⟨g⟩ (/ŋɡ/) as in jungle, finger, longest
Non-digraph ⟨ng⟩ also occurs, with possible values
- /nɡ/ every bit in engulf, ungainly
- /nd͡ʒ/ as in sponge, affections
- /nʒ/ as in melange
The digraph ⟨gh⟩ (in many cases a replacement for the obsolete letter yogh, which took various values including /ɡ/, /ɣ/, /x/ and /j/) may represent:
- /ɡ/ every bit in ghost, aghast, burgher, spaghetti
- /f/ as in coughing, express mirth, roughage
- Ø (no sound) as in through, neighbor, dark
- /10/ in ugh
- (rarely) /p/ in hiccough
- (rarely) /k/ in due south'ghetti
Not-digraph ⟨gh⟩ also occurs, in compounds like foghorn, pigheaded
The digraph ⟨gn⟩ may represent:
- /n/ as in gnostic, deign, greenhorn, signage
- /nj/ in loanwords like champignon, lasagna
Non-digraph ⟨gn⟩ also occurs, as in signature, agnostic
The trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ has the value /ŋ/ as in gingham or dinghy. Non-trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ as well occurs, in compounds like stronghold and dunghill.
Thou is the tenth to the lowest degree frequently used letter of the alphabet in the English language (after Y, P, B, V, G, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 2.02% in words.
Other languages
Most Romance languages and some Nordic languages also have two primary pronunciations for ⟨1000⟩, hard and soft. While the soft value of ⟨yard⟩ varies in unlike Romance languages (/ʒ/ in French and Portuguese, [(d)ʒ] in Catalan, /d͡ʒ/ in Italian and Romanian, and /x/ in well-nigh dialects of Spanish), in all except Romanian and Italian, soft ⟨g⟩ has the same pronunciation as the ⟨j⟩.
In Italian and Romanian, ⟨gh⟩ is used to stand for /ɡ/ before front vowels where ⟨one thousand⟩ would otherwise correspond a soft value. In Italian and French, ⟨gn⟩ is used to represent the palatal nasal /ɲ/, a sound somewhat similar to the ⟨ny⟩ in English canyon. In Italian, the trigraph ⟨gli⟩, when appearing before a vowel or as the article and pronoun gli, represents the palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/.
Other languages typically use ⟨g⟩ to stand for /ɡ/ regardless of position.
Amongst European languages, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, and Slovak are an exception as they exercise not have /ɡ/ in their native words. In Dutch, ⟨grand⟩ represents a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ instead, a audio that does non occur in modernistic English, but at that place is a dialectal variation: many Netherlandic dialects use a voiceless fricative ([10] or [χ]) instead, and in southern dialects it may be palatal [ʝ]. Nevertheless, discussion-finally it is always voiceless in all dialects, including the standard Dutch of Belgium and holland. On the other manus, some dialects (like Amelands) may have a phonemic /ɡ/.
Faroese uses ⟨k⟩ to represent /dʒ/, in addition to /ɡ/, and also uses it to indicate a glide.
In Māori, ⟨1000⟩ is used in the digraph ⟨ng⟩ which represents the velar nasal /ŋ/ and is pronounced similar the ⟨ng⟩ in singer.
In older Czech and Slovak orthographies, ⟨thousand⟩ was used to represent /j/, while /ɡ/ was written as ⟨ǧ⟩ (⟨g⟩ with caron).
Ancestors, descendants and siblings
- 𐤂 : Semitic letter Gimel, from which the post-obit symbols originally derive
- C c : Latin letter C, from which K derives
- Γ γ : Greek letter Gamma, from which C derives in turn
- ɡ : Latin letter script small G
- ᶢ : Modifier letter of the alphabet small script g is used for phonetic transcription[xv]
- ᵷ : Turned g
- Г г : Cyrillic letter of the alphabet Ge
- Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter of the alphabet Yogh
- Ɣ ɣ : Latin alphabetic character Gamma
- Ᵹ ᵹ : Insular one thousand
- Ꝿ ꝿ : Turned insular g
- ɢ : Latin alphabetic character minor uppercase G, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a voiced uvular stop
- ʛ : Latin alphabetic character small uppercase G with hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a voiced uvular implosive
- ᴳ ᵍ : Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[16]
- ꬶ : Used for the Teuthonista phonetic transcription arrangement[17]
- Chiliad with diacritics: Ǵ ǵ Ǥ ǥ Ĝ ĝ Ǧ ǧ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ Ɠ ɠ Ġ ġ Ḡ ḡ Ꞡ ꞡ ᶃ
- ց : Armenian alphabet Tso
Ligatures and abbreviations
- ₲ : Paraguayan guaraní
Calculating codes
| Preview | G | g | Ɡ | ɡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN Capital G | LATIN Pocket-size LETTER Thou | LATIN Uppercase SCRIPT M | LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G | ||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 71 | U+0047 | 103 | U+0067 | 42924 | U+A7AC | 609 | U+0261 |
| UTF-eight | 71 | 47 | 103 | 67 | 234 158 172 | EA 9E AC | 201 161 | C9 A1 |
| Numeric graphic symbol reference | G | G | g | g | Ɡ | Ɡ | ɡ | ɡ |
| EBCDIC family unit | 199 | C7 | 135 | 87 | ||||
| ASCII 1 | 71 | 47 | 103 | 67 | ||||
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
See also
- Carolingian G
- Hard and soft Grand
- Latin letters used in mathematics § Gg
References
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 1976.
- ^ Gnanadesikan, Amalia East. (2011-09-13). The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359855.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Romana
- ^ Everson, Michael; Sigurðsson, Baldur; Málstöð, Íslensk. "Sorting the alphabetic character ÞORN". Evertype. ISO CEN/TC304. Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved 2018-11-01 .
- ^ Hempl, George (1899). "The Origin of the Latin Messages K and Z". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Clan. The Johns Hopkins Academy Printing. 30: 24–41. doi:x.2307/282560. JSTOR 282560.
- ^ Clan phonétique internationale (January 1895). "vɔt syr fifty alfabɛ" [Votes sur l'alphabet]. Le Maître Phonétique. 10 (1): 16–17. JSTOR 44707535.
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (February–March 1900). "akt ɔfisjɛl" [Acte officiel]. Le Maître Phonétique. 15 (2/three): 20. JSTOR 44701257.
- ^ Jones, Daniel (July–Dec 1948). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. Le Maître Phonétique (90): 28–30. JSTOR 44705217.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1993). "Quango actions on revisions of the IPA". Periodical of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 32–34. doi:ten.1017/S002510030000476X.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1949). The Principles of the International Phonetic Association. Section of Phonetics, University College, London. Supplement to Le Maître Phonétique 91, January–June 1949. JSTOR i40200179. Reprinted in Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (three), December 2010, pp. 299–358, doi:ten.1017/S0025100311000089. CS1 maint: postscript (link)
- ^ Wells, John C. (half dozen November 2006). "Scenes from IPA history". John Wells's phonetic blog. Section of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Employ of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press. p. 19. ISBN0-521-63751-1.
- ^ Wong, Kimberly; Wadee, Frempongma; Ellenblum, Gali; McCloskey, Michael (2 Apr 2018). "The Devil'southward in the g-tails: Scarce letter-shape knowledge and awareness despite massive visual experience". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 44 (nine): 1324–1335. doi:10.1037/xhp0000532. PMID 29608074. S2CID 4571477.
- ^ Dean, Signe. "Virtually People Don't Know What Lowercase "K" Looks Like And We're Not Even Kidding". Scientific discipline Alert. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved seven April 2018.
- ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-x-eleven. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-ten-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
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